Emerging Avian Microbial Pathogens: A Systematic Review on Epidemiology and Control

Abstract

Microbial infections in birds, including bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases, pose significant challenges to avian health, public health, and environmental sustainability. Birds, both caged and free-living, act as hosts and vectors for various pathogens, with environmental factors playing a key role in disease prevalence. Migratory birds are key vectors, spreading pathogens across regions through their extensive travel patterns, while urban birds and exotic pets contribute to zoonotic transmission in domestic and urbanized environments, emphasizing the need for rigorous epidemiological studies. Risk factors such as overcrowding, poor sanitation, and inadequate biosecurity measures exacerbate the spread of infections. Additionally, the rise of antimicrobial resistance further complicates treatment and increases zoonotic risks. Advanced diagnostic methods and effective biosecurity, vaccination, and prevention strategies are essential for managing these diseases. A One Health approach, which emphasizes the interconnection between avian, human, and environmental health, is essential for mitigating the risks of microbial infections. By prioritizing research, implementing robust control measures, and fostering global cooperation, it is possible to mitigate the risks associated with avian microbial infections and protect both avian and human populations from their consequences.