Phytochemical and in Vitro Biological Profiling of Portulaca grandiflora Whole Plant Extracts
Abstract
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to determine the phytochemicals and to examine the in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer and antioxidant potential of P. grandiflora. Crude methanolic, ethanolic and n-Hexane extracts of whole plant were used for this study. Antimicrobial properties were estimated through disk diffusion assay, antioxidant activity was determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl scavenging (DPPH), total antioxidant capability and reducing power assays. It was found that methanolic extract of P. grandiflora showed the highest zone of inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans i.e. 36 ±1mm and 18 ±1 mm respectively with MIC of 25 µg/ml. The highest amount of gallic acid equivalent phenolic and quercetin equivalent flavonoid content were found in methanolic extract of P. grandiflora i.e. 77 ± 0.68 µg GAE/mg and 63 ± 1.08 µg QE/mg extract respectiely. The significant DPPH scavenging activity (P<0.05) was recorded for methanolic extract of P. grandiflora (87%). Considerably greater antioxidant capacity (10 ± 1.18 µg AAE/mg) and reducing power (4.06 ± 0.18 µg AAE/mg) was observed in methanolic extract. MTT cell viability assay methanolic extract of P. grandiflora showed the IC50 of 42.70 µg/ml at 72h. It was concluded this plant extracts exhibit strong pharmacological properties.
- Aliyu A, Ibrahim M, Musa A, Ibrahim H, Abdulkadir I, Oyewale A (2009). Evaluation of antioxidant activity of leave extract of Bauhinia rufescens Lam. (Caesalpiniaceae). J. Medi. Plants Res. 3(8): 563-567.
- Asif K, Rahman M, Annanya K (2019). Extraction and evaluation of phytochemicals from banana peels (Musa sapientum) and banana plants (Musa paradisiaca). Malaysi. J. Hal. Res. J. 2.
- Barlow SM (1990). Toxicological aspects of antioxidants used as food additives. Food Antioxid. 253-307.
- Batool R, Salahuddin H, Mahmood T, Ismail M (2017). Study of anticancer and antibacterial activities of Foeniculum vulgare, Justicia adhatoda and Urtica dioica as natural curatives. Cellul. Mol. Biol. 63(9): 109-114.
- Branen A (1975). Toxicology and biochemistry of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 52(2): 59-63.
- Brickell C (2003). Royal Horticultural Society AZ encyclopedia of garden plants: Dorling Kindersley.
- Cai Y, Luo Q, Sun M, Corke H (2004). Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of 112 traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer. Life Sci. 74(17): 2157-2184.
- Chavalittumrong P, Chivapat S, Attawish A, Bansiddhi J, Phadungpat S, Chaorai B, Butraporn R (2004). Chronic toxicity study of Portulaca grandiflora Hook. J. Ethnopharmacol. 90(2-3): 375-380.
- Chen T, Wang J, Li Y, Shen J, Zhao T, Zhang H (2010). Sulfated modification and cytotoxicity of Portulaca oleracea L. polysaccharides. Glycoconjugate J. 27(1): 635-642.
- Chiang LC, Cheng HY, Liu MC, Chiang W, Lin CC (2003). In vitro anti-herpes simplex viruses and anti-adenoviruses activity of twelve traditionally used medicinal plants in Taiwan. Biol. Pharmaceu. Bull. 26(11): 1600-1604.
- Clarke G, Ting KN, Wiart C, Fry J (2013). High correlation of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reducing activity potential and total phenolics content indicates redundancy in use of all three assays to screen for antioxidant activity of extracts of plants from the Malaysian rainforest. Antioxid. 2(1): 1-10.
- Cook NC, Samman S (1996). Flavonoids—chemistry, metabolism, cardioprotective effects, and dietary sources. J. Nut. Biochem. 7(2): 66-76.
- Da Rocha AB, Lopes RM, Schwartsmann G (2001). Natural products in anticancer therapy. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 1(4): 364-369.
- Dkhil MA, Moniem AA, Al-Quraishy S, Saleh RA (2011). Antioxidant effect of purslane (Portulaca oleracea) and its mechanism of action. J. Med. Plants Res. 5(9): 1589-1563.
- Gadir SA (2012). Assessment of bioactivity of some Sudanese medicinal plants using brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality assay. J. Chem. Pharm. 4(12): 5145-5148.
- Geethalakshmi R, Sakravarthi C, Kritika T, Arul Kirubakaran M, Sarada D (2013). Evaluation of antioxidant and wound healing potentials of Sphaeranthus amaranthoides Burm. f. BioMed. Res. Int.
- Gülcin I (2012). Antioxidant activity of food constituents: an overview. Arch. Toxicol. 86(1): 345-391.
- Halliwell B (1994). Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: curiosity, cause, or consequence? Lanc. 344(8924): 721-724.
- Hendra R, Ahmad S, Oskoueian E, Sukari A, Shukor MY (2011). Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity of Phaleria macrocarpa (Boerl.) Scheff fruit. BMC Complem. Altern. Medi. 11(1): 1-10.
- Kolář P, Shen JW, Tsuboi A, Ishikawa T (2002). Solvent selection for pharmaceuticals. Fluid Phase Equil. 194(1): 771-782.
- Krishnaiah D, Sarbatly R, Nithyanandam R (2011). A review of the antioxidant potential of medicinal plant species. Food Bioprod. Proces. 89(3): 217-233.
- Kritchevsky SB (1999). β-Carotene, carotenoids and the prevention of coronary heart disease. J. Nut. 129(1): 5-8.
- Kuhnau J (1976). Flavonoids. A class of semi-essential food components: Their role in human nutrition. World Rev. Nut. Dib
- Kumpulainen JT, Salonen JT (1999). Natural antioxidants and anticarcinogens in nutrition, health and disease: Elsevier.
- Kunin CM (1993). Resistance to antimicrobial drugs—a worldwide calamity. Ann. Int. Med. 118(7): 557-561.
- Lauro GJ, Francis J (2000). Natural food colorants: Sci. and Technol. CRC press.
- Lim CK, Tiong WN, Loo JL (2014). Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of different varieties of Portulaca grandiflora. Int. J. Phytopharm. 4(1): 1-05.
- Lim YY, Quah EP (2007). Antioxidant properties of different cultivars of Portulaca oleracea. Food Chem. 103(3): 734-740.
- Liu Y, Liu C, Tan H, Zhao T, Cao J, Wang F (2009). Sulfation of a polysaccharide obtained from Phellinus ribis and potential biological activities of the sulfated derivatives. Carbohyd. Polym. 77(2): 370-375.
- Michael A, Thompson C, Abramovitz M (1956). Artemia salina as a test organism for bioassay. Sci. 123(3194): 464-464.
- Mothana RA, Khaled JM, El-Gamal AA, Noman OM, Kumar A, Alajmi MF, Al-Rehaily AJ, Al-Said MS (2019). Comparative evaluation of cytotoxic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the crude extracts of three Plectranthus species grown in Saudi Arabia. Saud. Pharmaceut. J. 27(2): 162-170.
- Pszczola D (1998). Natural colors: pigments of imagination. Food Technol. (USA).
- Qader SW, Abdulla MA, Chua LS, Najim N, Zain MM, Hamdan S (2011). Antioxidant, total phenolic content and cytotoxicity evaluation of selected Malaysian plants. Molec. 16(4): 3433-3443.
- Rao A, Agarwal S (1999). Role of lycopene as antioxidant carotenoid in the prevention of chronic diseases: a review. Nut. Res. 19(2): 305-323.
- Sanja S, Sheth N, Patel N, Patel D, Patel B (2009). Characterization and evaluation of antioxidant activity of Portulaca oleracea. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 1(1): 74-84.
- Shareef M, Ashraf MA, Sarfraz M (2016). Natural cures for breast cancer treatment. 24: p 233-240): Elsevier.
- Shinde P, Wagh K, Patil P, Bairagi V (2014). Pharmacognostic standardization and antibacterial potential of aerial herbs of Portulaca grandiflora Hooker (Portulaceae). World J. Pharmaceut. Sci. 2(12): 1871-1885.
- Shui G, Leong LP (2002). Separation and determination of organic acids and phenolic compounds in fruit juices and drinks by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A. 977(1): 89-96.
- Spórna-Kucab A, Tekieli A, Grzegorczyk A, Świątek Ł, Rajtar B, Skalicka-Woźniak K, Starzak K, Nemzer B, Pietrzkowski Z, Wybraniec S (2022). Metabolite profiling analysis and the correlation with biological activity of betalain-rich Portulaca grandiflora Hook. extracts. Antioxid. 11(9):
- Sriwanthana B, Treesangsri W, Boriboontrakul B, Niumsakul S, Chavalittumrong P (2007). In vitro effects of Thai medicinal plants on human lymphocyte activity. In vitro, 29:
- Uddin MK, Juraimi AS, Ali ME, Ismail MR (2012). Evaluation of antioxidant properties and mineral composition of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) at different growth stages. Int. Mol. Sci. 13(8): 10257-10267.
- Ul-Haq I, Ullah N, Bibi G, Kanwal S, Ahmad MS, Mirza B (2012). Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities and phytochemical analysis of Euphorbia wallichii root extract and its fractions. Iranian Pharmaceut. Res. 11(1): 241.
- Valko M, Izakovic M, Mazur M, Rhodes CJ, Telser J (2004). Role of oxygen radicals in DNA damage and cancer incidence. Mol. Cellul. Biochem. 266: 37-56.
- Yang X, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Ruan Y (2008). Isolation and characterization of immunostimulatory polysaccharide from an herb tea, Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56(16): 6905-6909.
- YouGuo C, ZongJi S, XiaoPing C (2009). Evaluation of free radicals scavenging and immunity-modulatory activities of Purslane polysaccharides. Int. Biol. Macromol. 45(5): 448-452.
- Younes M, Siegers CP (1981). Inhibitory action of some flavonoids on enhanced spontaneous lipid peroxidation following glutathione depletion. Planta Med. 43(11): 240-244.
- Zhang H, Jiang L, Ye S, Ye Y, Ren F (2010). Systematic evaluation of antioxidant capacities of the ethanolic extract of different tissues of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) from China. Food Chem. Toxicol. 48(6): 1461-1465.
- Zhu J, Wu M (2009). Characterization and free radical scavenging activity of rapeseed meal polysaccharides WPS-1 and APS-2. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57(3): 812-819.